04.10.2022, 21:56
Zitat:Starting in the mid-1970s and 1980s, the international propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism within Sunni Islam[1] favored by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia[2][3][4] and other Gulf monarchies has achieved what the French political scientist Gilles Kepel defined as a "preeminent position of strength in the global expression of Islam."[5] Until the 1990s Saudi (& GCC) break-up with Muslim Brotherhood, interpretations included not only Salafiyya Islam of Saudi Arabia, but also Islamist/revivalist Islam,[6] and a "hybrid"[7][8] of the two interpretations.
The impetus for the spread of the interpretations through the Muslim world was "the largest worldwide propaganda campaign ever mounted" (according to political scientist Alex Alexiev),[9] "dwarfing the Soviets’ propaganda efforts at the height of the Cold War" (according to journalist David A. Kaplan),[9] funded by petroleum exports which ballooned following the October 1973 War.[2][10][11] One estimate is that during the reign of King Fahd (1982 to 2005), over $75 billion was spent in efforts to spread Wahhabi Islam. The money was used to establish 200 Islamic colleges, 210 Islamic centers, 1,500 mosques, and 2,000 schools for Muslim children in Muslim and Non-Muslim majority countries.[12][13] The schools were "fundamentalist" in outlook and formed a network "from Sudan to northern Pakistan".[14] The late king also launched a publishing center in Medina that by 2000 had distributed 138 million copies of the Quran (the central religious text of Islam) worldwide.[15] Along with the millions of Qurans distributed free of charge came doctrinal texts following Salafi interpretations.[16]
In the 1980s, Saudi Arabia's approximately 70 embassies around the world were equipped with religious attaches whose job it was to get new mosques built in their countries and to persuade existing mosques to propagate the dawah Salafiyya.[2][17] The Saudi government funds a number of international organizations to spread fundamentalist Islam, including the Muslim World League, the World Assembly of Muslim Youth, the International Islamic Relief Organization, and various royal charities.[18][Note 1] Supporting dawah (literally "making an invitation" to Islam)—proselytizing or preaching of Islam—has been called "a religious requirement" for Saudi rulers that cannot be abandoned "without losing their domestic legitimacy" as protectors and propagators of Islam.[18]
In addition to the Salafi interpretation of Islam, other strict and conservative interpretations of Sunni Islam directly or indirectly assisted by funds from Saudi Arabia and the Arab states of the Persian Gulf include those of Islamist organizations such as the Muslim Brotherhood and Jamaat-e-Islami. While their alliances were not always permanent,[19] Salafism and forms of Islamism are said to have formed a "joint venture",[6] sharing a strong "revulsion" against Western influences,[20] a belief in strict implementation of injunctions and prohibitions of sharia law,[10] an opposition to both Shia Islam and popular Islamic religious practices (the veneration of Muslim saints),[6] and a belief in the importance of armed jihad.[8] Later the two movements are said to have been "fused",[7] or formed a "hybrid", particularly as a result of the Afghan jihad of the 1980s against the Soviet Union,[8] and resulted in the training and equipping of thousands of Muslims to fight against Soviets and their Afghan allies in Afghanistan in the 1980s.[8]
The funding has been criticized for promoting an intolerant, fanatical form of Islam that allegedly helped to breed Islamic terrorism.[18][21] Critics argue that volunteers mobilized to fight in Afghanistan (such as Osama bin Laden) and "exultant" at their success against the Soviet superpower, went on to fight jihad against Muslim governments and civilians in other countries. And that conservative Sunni groups such as the Taliban in Afghanistan and Pakistan are attacking and killing not only Non-Muslims (Kuffar) but also fellow Muslims they consider to be apostates, such as Shia and Sufis;[22] as of 2017, changes to Saudi religious policy have led some to suggest that "Islamists throughout the world will have to follow suit or risk winding up on the wrong side of orthodoxy".[23]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internatio..._Wahhabism