Da es im Forum zu diesem Thema bisher keine Informationen gibt (oder ich habe sie nicht finden können), habe ich diesen Strang erstellt, um darüber diskutieren zu können.
Eine Art Grundlagenartikel habe ich hier gefunden:
https://www.futurescience.com/emp/test184.html
Bemerkenswert ist der Vorsprung, welchen die USSR in diesem Bereich damals vor den USA hatten. Das Thema EMP scheint auf russischer Seite deutlich intensiver erforscht worden zu sein, inklusive Zündungen über bewohntem Gebiet.
Da die Russen auch für exzellente technologische Fähigkeiten im Bereich Radiowellen und Analogcomputer bekannt sind, mag man sich fragen, wie gross der Vorsprung im Bereich
nicht-nukleare EMP-Waffen ist.
Ein Teil der westlichen Forschung in diesem Bereich soll unklassifiziert sein.
Zitat:The technology base which may be applied to the design of electromagnetic bombs is both diverse, and in many areas quite mature. Key technologies which are extant in the area are explosively pumped Flux Compression Generators (FCG), explosive or propellant driven Magneto-Hydrodynamic (MHD) generators and a range of HPM devices, the foremost of which is the Virtual Cathode Oscillator or Vircator.
Quelle:
https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals...apjemp.pdf
Ein paar grundlegende Informationen zum Wirkprinzip:
http://everyspec.com/ARMY/Test-Operation...042776.pdf
Quelle:
http://everyspec.com/ARMY/Test-Operation...620_42776/
Zitat:12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Distribution Statement A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
Zitat:APPENDIX A. ELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT AND EFFECTS.
A.1 The electromagnetic environment produced by a nuclear weapon consists of the ionization of the atmosphere and generation of an EMP. The gamma rays, neutrons, beta particles, X-rays, and positive ions emitted from the nuclear detonation causes electrons to be ejected from their perspective atoms, thus ionizing the atmosphere in the burst vicinity. This increase in electron density attenuates or refracts all electromagnetic signals from a few seconds to several hours depending on weapon yield and height-of-burst (HOB). Radio communications depend on propagation of transmitted waves through the atmosphere. Depending on the specific frequency, this propagation occurs in one of two paths, ground or sky waves. Low frequencies utilize the ground wave path, while the high frequency band utilizes the sky wave path which is reflected back to earth by the ionosphere. Very High Frequency (VHF) and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) penetrate the ionosphere; therefore, any disturbance in the ionosphere does not affect communications in these frequency bands. See Table A-1 for frequency band effects caused by atmosphere ionization.
A.2 A nuclear detonation distributes approximately one millionth of its energy in the form of an intense EMP with a frequency content of a few hertz (Hz) to several hundred MHz. The area affected by EMP and the characteristics of the pulse, is a function of burst altitude and weapon design and yield. Typical EMP intensity is in the order of tens of thousands of volts/meter. This compares with the order of 200 volts/meter for nearby radars, 10 volts/meter for communication equipment, and 0.01 volts/meter for typical metropolitan area ambient. Two characteristics of EMP which result in a threat to electrical equipment are field amplitude and broad frequency spectrum.
There are three basic mechanisms for EM coupling to a conducting structure: - electrical induction, the basic mechanism for linear conductors;
- magnetic induction, the principal mechanism when the conducting structure forms a closed loop;
- and earth transfer impedance for buried conductors.
Devices which may be susceptible to functional damage due to electrical transients include active electronic devices, passive electronic components, semiconductor devices, squibs and pyrotechnic devices, meters, and power cables.
Operational upset can be expected in digital processing systems, memory units, guidance systems, and power distribution systems.
Damage mechanisms include dielectric breakdown, thermal effects and interconnection failures. The two EMP situations which are based upon burst altitude are (Endo-Atmospheric) Source Region Electromagnetic Pulse (SREMP) and (Exo-Atmospheric) High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP).
A.3 The first EMP situation, SREMP, occurs within the atmosphere at an altitude of less than 40 km above sea level, and possesses an extremely large electric and magnetic field over the burst vicinity. Of particular concern are events at or within 1 km of the surface. Only within these limits are tactical surface systems close enough to the event to have the potential to be adversely affected by SREMP. SREMP is generated by collisions between photons from gamma radiation and molecules of the atmosphere. These highly energetic photons eject electrons from the surrounding air molecules, producing ionized air molecules. This immense separation of charge creates an intense E-Field of several 100,000 volts/meter and a large associated H-Field of 500 ampere-turns/meter. Ninety percent of its energy is contained in the 100 Hz to 10 kHz range. See Figure A-1 for an example of the SREMP waveform and Figure A-2 for relative energy versus frequency for an Endo-Atmospheric Burst.
A.4 The second EMP situation, HEMP, occurs at an altitude greater than 40 km above sea level, and possesses a large electric and magnetic field over a diverse area. This tremendous area of effects is the reason HEMP is considered militarily significant and the more damaging of the two EMP situations. The HEMP is generated by gamma photons being absorbed by the atmospheric molecules at altitudes from 20 to 40 kilometers. This absorption causes electrons to be deflected by the earth's magnetic field into a spiral path about the field lines, causing them to radiate electromagnetic energy. See Figure A-3 for formation of HEMP and Figure A-4 for the detailed geometry of this phenomenon.
A.5 The waveform and frequency content of HEMP is drastically different from its SREMP counterpart. This electron radiated energy creates a large, diverse E-Field in the range of tens of kilovolts/meter and an associated H-Field in the range of 10 to 100 ampere-turns/meter. Ninety percent of its energy is contained in the 100 kHz to 10 MHz range. See Figure A-5 for an example of the HEMP waveform, and Figure A-6 for relative energy versus frequency for an Exo-Atmospheric burst.
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